Long Descriptions for Chapter Eleven
Long descriptions for complex figures and tables in Chapter Eleven of the Science Framework for California Public Schools, Kindergarten through Grade Twelve.Figure 11.1
Figure 11.1. An Elementary Student’s Drawing in a Science Notebook
Student drawing of an insect. Body parts are labelled head, abdomen, thorax, egg (inside body). Insect has six legs and spotted wings.
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.2. Drawing from a Middle Grades Science Notebook
Middle school student work from their Science Notebook showing a report of an investigation about which material among wood, plastic, or metal will float. The top line of the student’s paper reads: “56 2-13-08 Volume
Just under that is a drawing of a container and a graduated cylinder. Water is being poured from the cylinder to the container. In the container is a rectangle representing a block. The container is labeled “Level” about two-thirds of the way to the top. Below the drawing: “I am measuring if you add 200 ml of water will the block float. Then I will record measurement in a data table.” Data Table Title: Amount of Water. The table has 5 columns and 4 rows. The first row: Trials; 1; 2; 3; avd. The second row: wax; 5 mL; 6 mL; 5 mL; 30. The third row: plastic 15 mL; 15.5 mL; 20 mL; 16.8. Fourth Row: metal; 14 mL; 14 mL; 13 mL; 32.
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.3. Representation of the Process of Science as a Non-Linear Complex Endeavor
This is a conceptual flow-chart. There are three circles surrounding a center circle. The top circle is labelled Exploration and Discovery; within the circle there are five ovals all connected to each other. The top left oval says Making observations; the top right oval says Asking questions; the center oval says Sharing data and ideas; the bottom left oval says Finding inspiration; the bottom right oval says Exploring the literature. On the top of the diagram are two arrows coming from outside the diagram, pointing to this top outer circle; the one on the left says: New technology; Practical problem; Curiosity. The arrow on the right says: Personal motivation; Serendipity; Surprising observations.
The bottom left circle is labelled Benefits and Outcomes. Within the circle there are six ovals all connected to each other. The top left oval says Develop technology; the top right oval says Address societal issues; the middle left oval says Build knowledge; the middle right oval says Inform policy; the bottom left oval says Satisfy curiosity; and the bottom right oval says Solve everyday problems.
The bottom right circle is labelled Community Analysis and Feedback. This circle is divided with the bottom third separate from the top two-thirds. The top four ovals are all connected to each other. The bottom two ovals are connected only to each other. Of the first four ovals the top left oval says Feedback and peer review; the top right oval says Replication; the bottom left oval says Discussion with colleagues; and the bottom right oval says Publication. The last two ovals that are only connected to each other: the left says Coming up with new questions/ideas and the right says Theory building.
The center circle is larger than the other three and is labeled Testing Ideas. The circle is separated into two halves with arrows pointing between the two. The top half is labelled Gathering Data and has three ovals inside. The first oval says Hypotheses, the next oval is connected to the first and says Expected results/observations, and the last oval is connected to the second and says Actual results/observations. The bottom half of the center circle is labelled Interpreting data and has one main oval connected to four ovals. The main oval is labelled Supportive, contradictory, surprising or inconclusive data may… The four other ovals complete this statement: the first says …support a hypothesis; the second …oppose a hypothesis; the third …inspire revised/new hypothesis; and the fourth …inspire revised assumptions.
The center circle is connected to each of the outer circles by two arrows going to and from the center circle. The three outer circles are connected to each other in the following ways: The lower right circle (Community Analysis and Feedback) has arrows going to the other two circles. The lower left circle has an arrow pointing to the top circle.
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.4. Engineering Design Cycle
Three shapes linked in a circle. The first circle is Define: Identify situations that people want to change as problems that can be solved through engineering. The second circle is Develop Solutions: Convey possible solutions through visual or physical representations. The third circle is Optimize: Compare solutions, test them, and evaluate each.